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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع تاثیرات زیست محیطی چرخه زندگی استفاده از آب در شرایط غیر قطعی

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

مدیریت پایدار منابع آب شهری با در نظر گرفتن تاثیرات زیست محیطی چرخه زندگی استفاده از آب در شرایط غیر قطعی

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Sustainable urban water resources management considering life-cycle environmental impacts of water utilization under uncertainty

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3. Methodology

3.1. Multi-level life cycle analysis under uncertainty

Within a real UWAS, a number of subsystems and components are contained, including water supply, transportation, distribution, as well as drainage and sewer networks. Thus, in order to obtain comprehensive LCA results for UWAS, analysis should be conducted through the framework at the following multiple levels (Fig. 2):(a) Water availability, allocation, and consumption are contained into water-product level, in order to fulfill water demands of multiple users in a city; (b) Water supply and treatment, as well as wastewater treatment are incorporated into water-service level, considering service capacity of related infrastructures; and (c) Optimal solutions for water resources allocation are included into water-management level, through minimizing environmental impacts in UWAS. The environmental impacts of the water services and products are analyzed by LCA. Then the environmental impacts ofthe UWAS are incorporatedinto the thirdlevelto support sustainable urban water resources management. Also, a number of factors, associated with source data,technology database, and their dynamic changes, could lead to uncertainties of LCA results, (van Zelm and Huijbregts, 2013). Especially, the final results of environmental impacts of UWAS in future years will be influenced by the quality of the related LCI data. Thus, these uncertainties may affect decision making in UWAS, if cannot be dealt with properly.