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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع نوکاردیوز ریوی در بیماری انسدادی مزمن ریه

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

نوکاردیوز ریوی در بیماری انسدادی مزمن ریه: چالش بالینی جدید

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Pulmonary nocardiosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A new clinical challenge

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1. Introduction
Pulmonary nocardiosis (PN) is a rare but severe opportunistic infectious disease caused by Nocardia spp. The microorganism was first isolated by Edmond Nocard in 1888 from cattle with bovine farcy [1]; Eppinger reported the first human case of nocardiosis in 1890 [2]. The bacteria is commonly found in long standing dust, soil and stagnant water. Aerosol route is the main portal of entry into the body; direct inoculation as result of trauma or intravenous drug assumption or, more rarely, ingestion of contaminated food have also been described [3]. Humanto­human transmission has not been documented [4], [5]. The prevalence of PN is not known. Traditionally, PN has been described in immunocompromised patients, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, organ transplantation and lymphoreticular neoplasm as the most frequently associated conditions [4], [5]; lung transplant patients have the highest frequency of PN among recipients of solid organs [6]. Iatrogenic immunosuppression is a further risk factor, with long­term steroid, chemotherapeutic immunosuppressive and anti TNF­α agents as the most commonly associated drugs [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]; in particular, chronic steroid therapy has been highlighted in 36% [8], 62.2% [9] and 64% [4] PN patients in three reviews. Intravenous drug abuse has also been described [10].

1.مقدمه