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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع چگونگی استفاده از قیمت ها برای ترویج عدالت، بهره وری و پایداری

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

آب یک کالای اقتصادی است: چگونگی استفاده از قیمت ها برای ترویج عدالت، بهره وری و پایداری

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Water is an economic good: How to use prices to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability

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بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی :

3. The need for full-cost pricing

Basic economics require that the price ofa service be at least as high as the cost ofproviding that service. Rogers et al. (1998) argued that sustainable and efficient use of water require the tariff to match not only costs of supply (i.e. O&M and capital costs), but also opportunity costs, economic externality costs, and environmental externality costs. Very often the tariffs do not even meet the full supply costs, and sometimes the value ofwater is lower than the cost ofsupply! The evidence presented below is from the Subernarekha Basin in India. Fig. 2 compares costs and values associated with agricultural water use in the Subernarekha River Basin. The total economic value, calculated as the sum ofnet value ofcrop output, value of return flow, value ofwater in non-irrigated uses, and value ofother societal objectives, is 9.7 cents/ m3 . The total economic cost, calculated as the sum ofO&M costs, capital costs, pumping costs and opportunity cost, is 65 cents/m3 . Shortage ofinformation and data prevented Rogers et al. (1998) from estimating the intrinsic value ofwater and the environmental costs ofproviding irrigation water. Nevertheless, the disparity between value-in-use and cost is very large. Even ifthe intrinsic value were large it probably would not be large enough to meet this 55.3 cents/m3 gap plus environmental costs.