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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع اثرات سیگار کشیدن مادر در دوران بارداری بر روی نتایج فرزندان

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اثرات سیگار کشیدن مادر در دوران بارداری بر روی نتایج فرزندان

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes

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Methods and Materials

Sample: Offspring, with their biological mother and father, constituted the analytic sample. In 2001 and 2004 respectively, data collection was initiated from two offspring-of-twins (OOT) studies, which aimed to examine outcomes in the children of VETR twin fathers, who were members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry (VETR) (Goldberg et al., 1987; Eisen et al., 1987; Henderson et al., 1990), which is a U.S. registry of male like-sex twin pairs in which both cotwins served in the military during the Vietnam Era (1965–1975). Father twin pairs who (a) were concordant or discordant for alcohol dependence (AD, Project 1), or (b) were concordant or discordant for illicit drug dependence (DD, Project 2), along with (c) unaffected control twin pairs, were selected. Spouses and offspring of twin fathers were invited to participate. Fathers had already been interviewed by telephone, in 1992, with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) (Robins et al., 1996). An adaptation of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)(Bucholz et al., 1994) was used to collect data from mothers and offspring. For both projects, biological mothers or custodial mothers (for e.g. step mothers) were eligible to participate if twins provided permission to contact them. Offspring were eligible to participate if the VETR twin father and biological and/or custodial mothers gave permission to contact them (In Project 2, permission was granted by either VETR twin father or mother). Parents provided written consent for their minor aged offspring to be interviewed. Due to the nature of data collection, there was some overlap of subjects (N= 249) across the two studies — for these subjects, the more recently conducted Project 2 data were used. Descriptions of survey contents and response rates have been previously published (Jacob et al., 2003; Scherrer et al., 2004; Duncan et al., 2008).