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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع تاثیر تحریم های اقتصادی و قیمت نفت بر روبل روسیه

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تاثیر تحریم های اقتصادی و قیمت نفت بر روبل روسیه

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Between the hammer and the anvil: The impact of economic sanctions and oil prices on Russia’s ruble

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2. Evolution of the political conflict

Since the end of the Cold War, Ukraine has suffered from insufficient and protracted economic reforms, high levels of corruption, unclear economic policies, rent seeking, oligarchic industrial structure, as well as from a disadvantageous geographical location between Russia and the European Union (EU). As result of its high dependency from Russia, especially regarding energy imports, and the unwillingness of political elites to introduce acquis communautaire, Ukraine did not join the EU enlargement process. In addition, the halt of EU 90 Eastern enlargement at the Ukrainian border reflected a lack of interests from Western countries to integrate a large and weak economy that was generally seen as part of the Russian dominated area. However, these factors have been slowly changing. In 2008, the EU offered a Stabilization and Association agreement to Ukraine, which was commonly criticized on the ground that it offered Ukraine worse conditions than previous association agreements for Central and Eastern European countries. The ratification of the agreement was delayed by 95 some political events showing a lack of democratic structures in Ukraine, for example, a persecution of political opponents, such as the sentencing of the former prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko. Finally, the former president Yanukovych refused to sign the agreement and, instead, agreed on tighter cooperation with Russia in exchange of financial loans and lower gas prices. These steps have been seen as an ultimate stop to all economic reforms. This prospect caused mass protests by the Ukrainian population, known 100 as the Euromaidan movement. The protests culminated in the February 2014 revolution which removed the Yanukovych regime and established a pro-Western interim government.