دانلود رایگان مقاله ISI درباره عرضه شلف،عرضه تسریعی،عرضه سهام فصلی و هزینه های شناوری
دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع نقش ساز و کارهای تصدیق داخلی و خارجی در عرضه سهام فصلی
عنوان فارسی مقاله:
نقش ساز و کارهای تصدیق داخلی و خارجی در عرضه سهام فصلی
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:
The role of internal and external certification mechanisms in seasoned equity offerings
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3. Data, sample, and measures of governance quality
3.1. Data and sample
In this paper, we rely on four categories of data. Equity issuance data are downloaded from Thomson Reuter’s SDC database, raw corporate governance data are obtained from RiskMetrics,2 accounting data are extracted from Osiris database maintained by Bureau van Dijk, and audit fees are sourced from Audit Analytics. The sample selection process is detailed as follows. We first merge all the equity issuances in the US market during 2001 through 2007 with annual corporate governance data from RiskMetrics.3 Excluding all the equity issues made by firms without corporate governance data, we have 5751 issues. After issuances by firms in the financial industry are further deleted, there are 5225 issues.4 We then match these issues with accounting data from Osiris. There are 3933 issues by firms that have a record in Osiris. Among them,5 1338 issues can be classified as either shelf or non-shelf offering, have all the accounting data available to allow us to calculate the measures in Table 1, and constitute the final sample.