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دانلود رایکان مقاله انگلیسی ISI با موضوع ارزیابی مجدد گرایش برای ثبت اختراع

عنوان فارسی مقاله:

ارزیابی مجدد گرایش برای ثبت اختراع: شواهدی از مجموعه داده های مربوط به جوائز تحقیق و توسعه 2004 – 1977

عنوان انگلیسی مقاله:

Reassessing patent propensity: Evidence from a dataset of R&D awards, 1977–2004

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3. The ‘R&D 100 Award’ database

This paper presents an extension of the method recently employed by historians to the field of ETIS. Using a source of data that so far has received little attention we provide new estimates of patent propensity across industries and over time. Our source of data is the ‘R&D 100 Award’ competition organized by the magazine Research and Development (previously called Industrial Research). The magazine was founded in 1959 and it represents probably one of the most authoritative regular publications for R&D practitioners. Currently it has an estimated monthly readership of over 80,000. It is estimated that about 75% of the readers works in high-tech industries, whereas the remaining 25% works for government laboratories, universities, and similar organizations. Over 60% of the readers have managerial or executive type of jobs. The ‘R&D 100 Award’ competition has been running since 1963. Each year the magazine awards with a prize the 100 most technologically significant products available for sale or licensing in the year preceding the judgment. Throughout the years, key breakthroughs inventions such as Polacolor film (1963), the flashcube (1965), the automated teller machine (1973), the halogen lamp (1974), the fax machine (1975), the liquid crystal display (1980), the printer (1986), the Kodak Photo CD (1991), the Nicoderm antismoking patch (1992), Taxol anticancer drug (1993), lab on a chip (1996), and HDTV (1998) have received the prize. In order to apply for the prize inventors, or their employees, must fill an application form providing a detailed description of the product in question. The prize consists of a plaque which is presented in a special ceremony. There is no sum of money involved. The prize is awarded by a jury composed of university professors, industrial researchers and consultants with a certified level of competence in the specific areas they are called to assess. The members of the jury are selected by the editor of the magazine. The main criteria for assessment are two: i) technological significance (i.e., whether the product can be considered a major breakthrough from a technical point of view); ii) competitive significance (i.e., how the performance of the product compares to rival solutions available on the market). R&D 100 awards are accolades comparable to the Oscars for the motion picture industry as “they carry considerable prestige within the community of R&D professionals” (Block and Keller, 2009: 464).